You want to avoid plopping in direct quotes without attribution or context, and signal phrases can offer both. Not using signal phrases can result in dropped quotes or dropped quotations. (He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.) (1.1).77 Signal Phrases and Transitions When writing with sources, a common practice is to use “signal phrases” to indicate the source of information. In the very first scene, O'Neill's characters treat alcohol as a pancaea for their ills: See an example from O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh:Īlcohol makes an early appearance in O'Neill's play. If using act and scene, write them as numbers separated by a period. It is suggested that you provide the author and potentially title of the work in a signal phrase (see sidebar), so your parenthetical citation can just include information such as page number or act and scene number. Your parenthetical citation comes at the end of the dialog. When a new character speaks, start their dialog in the same fashion on a new line. Follow with the line of dialog, including any pieces of stage direction. Include the speaker's name in all caps at the beginning of each line of dialog, indented half an inch and followed by a period. There are additional rules to citing from sources that provide a dialog between two or more participants. Always include an abbreviated title of the book of the Bible, chapter(s), and verse(s) in your citation. If using the same translation throughout the paper, you can leave out the version in later citations. If you are citing from the Bible, include the translation you are using in your first citation. If you only use one volume, there is no need to include the volume number. Put a space after the colon and then provide the page number(s). When citing from more than one volume of a multivolume source, include the volume number followed by a colon. (Lightenor, "Too Soon" 38) (Lightenor, "Hand-Eye Development" 17) Remember to put short stories and articles in quotation marks and books and films in italics. If you cite more than one work by the same author, include a shortened version (if needed) of the title of the work in the citation.
SIGNAL PHRASE EXAMPLES FULL
If they share the same first initial, include their full first name instead. If you are referencing two different authors who have the same last name, include their first initial to differentiate. If you are citing from an anthology or collection with works by multiple authors, cite the author of the internal source- the article or essay which you wish to reference, not the anthology or collection as a whole. If you have no known author for a source, identify the source by the title and include a page number if available. Where appropriate, abbreviations are acceptable so as to avoid overly long parenthetical citations- so instead of National Geographic you may say Nat'l Geo or Nat Geo. If your source is from a corporate author- an article published by National Geographic as an institution, for example- it is acceptable to use the corporation's name as the author. Include the period after 'al' here otherwise, no punctuation is needed in the citation.
If the work has three or more authors, list the primary author followed by 'et al.'. If you are citing a work with two authors, list both authors' last names separated by an 'and'. You should use no punctuation in such a citation, as seen below. If not using a signal phrase (see sidebar), your parenthetical citation should include the author's last name and the page number (or numbers) on which the information you are referencing appears. When citing from a source which has both an author and a page number, include both in your citations. Many sources you use will have page numbers- beyond books, most periodicals and scholarly journals provide you with numbered pages.
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